Mechanical support
At its most basic level, quality packaging delivers a reliable way to attach an electronic component or device to a system. For example, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) is firmly attached to the main circuit board and protected by a casing that ensures it stays in place during operation.
Electrical connection
Packaging typically provides the connections needed to power the electronics and transfer signals such as direct current or radio frequencies. It enables signal transmission, rerouting, and input and output (I/O) connections. For instance, in a smartphone, the packaging includes the printed circuit board (PCB) connectors that enable charging, Wi-Fi connection, and more.
Protection from environmental factors
Packaging protects electronics from moisture, temperature, pressure, vibration, and chemicals. It prevents or reduces semiconductor corrosion and extends the device’s lifespan in harsh environments such as outer space, nuclear power plants, or the inside of the human body. In satellites, packaging shields electronics from temperature changes, radiation, and vacuum conditions.
Thermal management
As a rule of thumb, for every 10°C increase in device temperature, the lifespan is roughly halved. Efficient temperature management, often using heat sinks, is critically important to protect sensitive semiconductors. For example, in a laptop, heat sinks and interface materials are used to prevent the CPU from overheating and semiconductor failure.