Materials Research

Dr. Hans-Joachim Konz, member of the SCHOTT Corporate Management Committee (middle), together with the award winners, Professor Himanshu Jain (left) and Professor Walter Kob (right). (Photo: SCHOTT/A. Sell)
Outstanding Models
The dynamics of atoms inside glass and computer simulations that make it possible to project the physical properties of materials are the main focuses of the researchers who were recognized with the Otto SCHOTT Research Award 2007.
At the beginning of July, the two researchers Professor Himanshu Jain and Professor Walter Kob were honored with the Otto SCHOTT Research Award valued at 25,000 euros during the »International Congress of Glass 2007« in Strasbourg. This award is bestowed every other year on an alternating basis with the Carl Zeiss Research Award to recognize exceptional scientific achievements in fundamental research and technology development in the areas of specialized materials, components and systems for applications in optics, electronics, solar energy, health and lifestyle. Both research awards are governed by the Donors’ Association for the Promotion of Sciences and Humanities in Germany.
”Jellyfish model” explains the movement of atoms inside glass
Professor Himanshu Jain (Lehigh University, Bethlehem/PA, U.S.A.) has been heading the National Science Foundation’s »International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass (IMI-NFG)« since 2004. He received the award for his outstanding contributions towards promoting the basic understanding of the dynamics of atoms in glass. He was previously recognized by the international »Zachariasen Award« for exceptional contributions towards glass research.
Professor Jain’s research focuses on useful functionalities of glass through fundamental understanding, including unique phenomena caused by light and their application in new devices, corrosion of glass in nuclear environments or glasses for use in photonic applications, such as sensors, infrared optics, waveguides, photo- and nano-lithography, to list a few examples. In the process, he has investigated atomic movement and how it might be influenced by the inherent composition or external factors, such as temperature, electric field, etc. According to existing theories, there are two fundamentally different types of atom movements at ambient temperature: vibration of an atom about its mean position, and long range diffusion wherein a given atom may wander around in the glass structure. An important characteristic of this ion diffusion is that it slows down exponentially with decreasing temperature. If a glass is cooled below ~200 K, ion hopping should effectively freeze. However, nuclear spin relaxation experiments showed that there must be more to ion movement in glass than just vibrations and diffusion.

Snapshot of a sodium-trisilicate glass as obtained from a molecular dynamics computer simulation. The yellow and red spheres are the silicon and oxygen atoms, respectively (not drawn to scale). The blue spheres are the sodium atoms.

Prof. Kob’s main research field includes the dynamics of simple liquids, glasses and polymers with aid from computer simulations. (Photo: privat)
Born in Switzerland, Professor Walter Kob is full professor at the Institute for Physics at the Université Montpellier 2. He has been serving as Director of the Laboratoire des Colloïdes, Verres et Nanomatériaux, since 1995. Professor Kob received the Otto SCHOTT Award for his outstanding work in researching the static and dynamic properties of glasses and supercooled liquids with the help of computer simulations.
The research fields of Professor Kob include the dynamics of supercooled liquids and the nature of glass transformation, the structure and dynamics of gels, sodium silicate melts and glasses and aging of systems made of glass. His research focuses mainly on investigating the static and dynamic properties of disordered systems, such as simple liquids, textured glasses, Potts glasses or polymers, with aid from computer simulations and other statistical mechanics methods. These computer simulations were developed in the last decade in order to obtain insight into the microscopic properties of materials.

Time and length scales that are accessible by various experimental techniques (colored regions) and scales that are accessible by means of classical and ab initio simulations, region below the orange and blue line, respectively.
In the »classical force fields« approach, one postulates the interactions between the atoms and then uses these postulated forces to solve Newton’s equations of motion. The precise form of these forces is determined from experimental data or from ab initio simulations. For this reason, this approach is not independent from experiments or more sophisticated simulations, but is approximately 10,000 times faster. Much larger systems can be simulated in the same time, as a result. Computer simulations are not yet a ”perfect” tool, because the properties of glasses depend on the cooling rate with which the glass has been produced and in simulations theses rates are many orders of magnitude higher than the rates used in real life. Nevertheless, in the near future, simulations will be part of the standard tools of research in any material science laboratory.

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